Orlando M. Pagan-Torres

Resumen

La religión ha sido la institución social que mayor influencia ha tenido en toda la historia de la humanidad. La integración de la religión y la espiritualidad (R/E) en el campo de la salud mental ha sido sistemáticamente documentada en la literatura científica y ha sido avalada por varias organizaciones profesionales de salud mental en el mundo. Dado el incremento en el interés científico sobre la relación entre R/E y salud mental, mi objetivo en este artículo es hacer una revisión teórica no exhaustiva sobre la relevancia clínica de la integración de la R/E en la disciplina de la psicología a través de la discusión de aspectos clínicos. Mi intención es promover una reflexión y sensibilidad cultural en la provisión de servicios psicológicos que incluya la consideración de las creencias, prácticas y valores religiosos/espirituales de las personas. En esta revisión teórica también discuto las implicaciones que emergen de este campo de estudio. A modo de conclusión, destaco lo importante que es continuar promoviendo esfuerzos concretos dirigidos a visibilizar este campo a través de adiestramientos clínicos y desarrollo de comités de trabajos en organizaciones profesionales.

##plugins.generic.articleMetricsGraph.articlePageHeading##

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

Keywords

Espiritualidad, Implicaciones clínicas, Psicología, Religión

References
Alvarado-Díaz, E., & Pagán-Torres, O. M. (2021). Consideraciones sobre la espiritualidad y la religión como recursos de afrontamiento durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Revista Caribeña de Psicología, 5, e5007. https://doi.org/10.37226/rcp.v5i1.5007
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association. (2021). Resource document on ethics at the interface of religion, spirituality, and psychiatric practice. https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Directories/Library-and-Archive/resource_documents/Resource-Document-2021-Religion-Spirituality-and-Psychiatric-Practice.pdf
American Psychological Association (2007). Resolution on religious, religion-based and/or religion-derived prejudice.
https://www.apa.org/about/policy/religious-discrimination.pdf
American Psychological Association. (2009). Appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation.
https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/therapeutic-response.pdf
American Psychological Association. (2015). APA dictionary of psychology. American Psychological Association.
American Psychological Association. (2017a). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct.
https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/ethics-code-2017.pdf
American Psychological Association. (2017b). Multicultural guidelines: An ecological approach to context, identity, and intersectionality. https://www.apa.org/about/policy/multicultural-guidelines
Asociación de Psicología de Puerto Rico. (2007). Código de ética APPR.
https://www.asppr.net/_files/ugd/0522af_e17bbe9fc36447f9a69fc6c780b05e08.pdf
Anderson, N., Heywood-Everett, S., Siddiqi, N., Wright, J., Meredith, J., & McMillan, D. (2015). Faith-adapted psychological therapies for depression and anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 176, 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.019
Association for Spiritual, Ethical and Religious Values in Counseling. (2009). Competencies for addressing spiritual and religious issues in counseling. https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/competencies/competencies-for-addressing-spiritual-and-religious-issues-in-counseling.pdf?sfvrsn=aad7c2c_10
Bernal, G., & Rodríguez-Soto, N. C. (2012). La práctica psicológica basada en la evidencia: Hacia una integración de la investigación, el peritaje profesional, la singularidad del/a cliente, su contexto y la ética. En A. Martínez-Taboas y N. Quintero (Eds.), Prácticas psicológicas basadas en la evidencia: Una perspec-tiva hispana (pp. 8-34). Publicaciones Puertorriqueñas.
Bockrath, M. F., Pargament, K. I., Wong, S., Harriott, V. A., Pomerleau, J. M., Homolka, S. J., Chaudhary, Z. B., & Exline, J. J. (2021). Religious and spiritual struggles and their links to psychological adjustment: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000400
Burge, R. P. (2021). The Nones: Where they came from, who they are, and where they are going. Fortress Press.
Captari, L. E., Hook, J. N., Hoyt, W., Davis, D. E., McElroy‐Heltzel, S. E., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2018). Integrating clients’ religion and spirituality within psychotherapy: A comprehensive meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(11), 1938–1951.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22681
Captari, L. E., Sandage, S. J., & Vandiver, R. A. (2021). Spiritually integrated psychotherapies in real-world clinical practice: Synthesizing the literature to identify best practices and future research directions. Psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000407
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Faith-based organizations (FBOs). https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/partners/faith/index.html
Clarke, P. (2011). Oxford handbook of the sociology of religion. Oxford University Press.
Cook, C. C. (2015). Religious psychopathology: The prevalence of religious content of delusions and hallucinations in mental disorder. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 61(4), 404–425.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764015573089
de Abreu Costa, M., & Moreira-Almeida, A. (2021). Religion-Adapted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A review and description of techniques. Journal of Religion and Health.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01345-z
Delmonte, R., Lucchetti, G., Moreira-Almeida, A., & Farias, M. (2016) Can the DSM-5 differentiate between nonpathological possession and dissociative identity disorder? A case study from an Afro-Brazilian religion. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(3), 322-337.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.1103351
Fahmy, D. (2018). Key findings about Americans’ belief in God. Pew Research Center.
https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/25/key-findings-about-americans-belief-in-god/
Font, J. (1999). Religión, psicopatología y salud mental introducción a la psicología de las experiencias religiosas y de las creencias. Paidós.
Fuentes, L. (2019). La religiosidad y la espiritualidad ¿Son conceptos teóricos independientes? Revista de Psicología, 14(28), 109-119.
https://erevistas.uca.edu.ar/index.php/RPSI/article/view/1742
Gonçalves, J. P. B., Lucchetti, G., Menezes, P. R., & Vallada, H. (2015). Religious and spiritual interventions in mental health care: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Psychological Medicine, 45(14), 2937–2949. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001166
Gonçalves J. P. B., Lucchetti, G., Menezes, P. R., & Vallada, H. (2017). Complementary religious and spiritual interventions in physical health and quality of life: A systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials. PLoS ONE 12(10), e0186539.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186539
González-Rivera, J. A. (2015). Espiritualidad en la clínica: Integrando la espiritualidad en la psicoterapia y la consejería. Ediciones Psicoespiritualidad.
González-Rivera, J. A. (Ed.). (2016). Espiritualidad en las profesiones de ayuda: Del debate a la integración. Ediciones Psicoespiritualidad.
González Rivera, J. A. (2017). Integrando la espiritualidad en la consejería profesional y la psicoterapia: modelo multidimensional de conexión espiritual. Revista Griot, 10(1), 56–69. https://revistas.upr.edu/index.php/griot/article/view/8827
Harris, S. (2015). Waking up: A guide to spirituality without religion. Simon & Schuster.
Hathaway, W. L. (2011). Ethical guidelines for using spiritually oriented interventions. In J. D. Aten, M. R. McMinn, & E. L. Worthington, Jr., Spiritually oriented interventions for counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 65–81). American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/12313-003
Hefti, R. (2011). Integrating religion and spirituality into mental health care, psychiatry and psychotherapy. Religions, 2(4), 611-627.
https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2040611
Hook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Davis, D. E., Jennings, D. J., Gartner, A. L., & Hook, J. P. (2010). Empirically supported religious and spiritual therapies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 46–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20626
Idler, E. L. (Ed.) (2014). Religion as a social determinant of public health. Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199362202.001.0001
Iheanacho, T., Nduanya, U. C., Slinkard, S., Ogidi, A. G., Patel, D., Itanyi, I. U., Naeem, F., Spiegelman, D., & Ezeanolue, E. E. (2021). Utilizing a church-based platform for mental health interventions: Exploring the role of the clergy and the treatment preference of women with depression. Global Mental Health, 8(5), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2021.4
Kennedy, H. (2007). The great Arab conquests: How the spread of Islam changed the world we live in. Da Capo Press.
Koenig, H. G. (2005). Faith and mental health: Religious resources for healing. Templeton Foundation Press.
Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. International Scholarly Research Notices, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730
Koenig, H. G. (2018). Religion and mental health: Research and clinical applications. Elsevier Academic Press.
Koenig, H. G., Pearce, M., Nelson, B., Shaw, S., Robins, C., Daher, N., Cohen, H. J., & King, M. B. (2016). Effects of religious vs. standard cognitive behavioral therapy on therapeutic alliance: A randomized clinical trial. Psychotherapy Research, 26(3), 365-376. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2015.1006156
Levin, J. (2020). Religion and medicine: A history of the encounter between humanity's two greatest institutions. Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867355.001.0001
Li, S., Okereke, O. I., Chang, S. C., Kawachi, I., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2016). Religious service attendance and lower depression among women-a prospective cohort study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 50(6), 876–884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-016-9813-9
Lucchetti, G., Koenig, H. G., & Lucchetti, A. L. G. (2021). Spirituality, religiousness, and mental health: A review of the current scientific evidence. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 9(26), 7620–7631. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i26.7620
Lucchetti, G., & Lucchetti, A. L. G. (2014). Spirituality, religion, and health: over the last 15 years of field research (1999-2013). International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 48(3), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.2190/PM.48.3.e
Martínez-Taboas, A. (2019). Religión y espiritualidad: Temáticas ineludibles en el quehacer psicológico. Ciencias de la Conducta, 34(1), 231-256.
McMinn, M. R., Hathaway, W. L., Woods, S. W., & Snow, K. N. (2009). What American Psychological Association leaders have to say about Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014991
McMinn, M. R., Vogel, M. J., Hall, M. E. L., Abernethy, A. D., Birch, R., Galuza, T., Rodriguez, J., & Putman, K. (2015). Religious and spiritual diversity training in clinical psychology doctoral programs: Do explicitly Christian programs differ from other programs? Journal of Psychology and Theology, 43(3), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711504300301
Moreira-Almeida, A., & Bhugra, D. (2021). Religion, spirituality, and mental health: Setting the scene. In A. Moreira-Almeida, B. Paz-Mosqueiro and D. Buhgra, Spirituality and mental health across cultures (pp.11-25). Oxford University Press.
Moreira-Almeida, A., & Cardeña, E. (2011). Differential diagnosis between non-pathological psychotic and spiritual experiences and mental disorders: A contribution from Latin American studies to the ICD-11. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 33(1), 29–36.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462011000500004
Moreira-Almeida, A., Koenig, H. G., & Lucchetti, G. (2014). Clinical implications of spirituality to mental health: Review of evidence and practical guidelines. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 36(2), 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1255
Moreira-Almeida, A., Sharma, A., Van-Rensburg, B. J., Verhagen, P. J., & Cook, C. C. (2016). WPA Position statement on spirituality and religion in psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 87–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20304
Newberg, A., & D’Aquili, E. (2002). Why God won't go away: Brain science and the biology of belief. Ballantine Books.
Oh, P. J., & Kim, Y. H. (2012). Meta-analysis of spiritual intervention studies on biological, psychological, and spiritual outcomes. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 42(6), 833–842. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.6.833
Oman D., & Syme S. L. (2018). Weighing the evidence: What is revealed by 100+ meta-analyses and systematic reviews of religion/spirituality and health? In D. Oman (Ed.), Why religion and spirituality matter for public health. Religion, spirituality and health: A social scientific approach, (vol 2. pp. 261-281). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73966-3_15
Oxhandler, H. K., Pargament, K. I., Pearce, M. J., Vieten, C., Moffatt, K. M. (2021). Current mental health clients’ attitudes regarding religion and spirituality in treatment: a national survey. Religions, 12(6), 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12060371
Pagán-Torres, O.M. (Ed.). (2021). Introducción a la psicología de la religión y la espiritualidad en Puerto Rico. Publicaciones Puertorriqueñas.
Pagán-Torres, O. M., & González-Rivera, J. A. (2018). Estableciendo hechos y mitos acerca de los factores religiosos concernientes a la salud mental: Una examinación crítica. Revista Griot, 11(1), 87-101. https://revistas.upr.edu/index.php/griot/article/view/14513
Pagán-Torres, O.M., Reyes-Estrada, M., & Cumba-Avilés, E. (2017). Religión, espiritualidad y Terapia Cognitivo Conductual: una reseña actualizada. Revista Salud y Conducta Humana, 4(1), 13-14.
Pagán-Torres, O. M., Rosario-Hernández, E., González-Rivera, J. A., & Martínez-Taboas, A. (2021). The mediating role of religious coping in perceived stress, psychological symptoms and psychological well-being in a sample of Puerto Rican adults. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 6(1), 29-46. https://dx.doi.org/10.37898/spc.2021.6.1.133
Paloutzian, R. F., & Park, C. L. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
Paloutzian, R. F., & Park, C. L. (2021). The psychology of religion and spirituality: How big the tent? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 13(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000218
Pargament, K. J., & Exline, J. J. (2021). Working with spiritual struggles in psychotherapy: From research to practice. The Guilford Press.
Pargament, K. I., Exline, J. J., & Jones, J. W. (Eds.). (2013). APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol. 1): Context, theory, and research. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14045-000
Park, C. L., Masters, K. S., Salsman, J. M., Wachholtz, A., Clements, A. D., Salmoirago-Blotcher, E., Trevino, K., & Wischenka, D. M. (2017). Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-016-9755-5
Pearce, M. (2016). Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Christians with depression. Templeton Press.
Pearce, M. J., Koenig, H. G., Robins, C. J., Nelson, B., Shaw, S. F., Cohen, H. J., & King, M. B. (2015). Religiously integrated cognitive behavioral therapy: a new method of treatment for major depression in patients with chronic medical illness. Psychotherapy, 52(1), 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036448
Pew Research Center. (2015). The future of world religions: Population growth projections, 2010-2050.
https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/
Quinceno, J. M., & Vinaccia, S. (2009). La salud en el marco de la psicología de la religión y la espiritualidad. Diversitas, 5(2), 321-336.
https://doi.org/10.15332/s1794-9998.2009.0002.08
Reuder, M. E. (1999). A history of Division 36 (Psychology of Religion). In D. A. Dewsbury (Ed.), Unification through division: Histories of the divisions of the American Psychological Association, (Vol. 4, pp. 91–108). American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/10340-004
Richards, P. S., & Bergin, A. E. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14371-000
Rivera-Pagán, L. N. (2020). Evangelización y violencia: La conquista de América. Publicaciones Gaviota.
Rosmarin, D. H. (2018). Spirituality, religion and Cognitive Behavior Therapy: A guide for clinicians. The Guilford Press.
Rosmarin, D. H., & Koenig, H. G. (Eds.). (2020). Handbook of spirituality, religion, and mental health (2nd ed.). Elsevier Academic Press.
Rosmarin, D. H., Pirutinsky, S., Schuttenberg, E. M., & Silveri, M. M. (2021). Why is Spiritual Psychotherapy for Inpatient, Residential, and Inpatient Treatment (SPIRIT) more effective when provided by nonreligious clinicians? Psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000400
Russell, S. R., & Yarhouse, M. A. (2006). Training in religion/spirituality within APA-accredited psychology predoctoral internships. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37(4), 430–436. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.37.4.430
Sahgal, N. (2018). 10 key findings about religion in Western Europe. Pew Research Center.
https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/05/29/10-key-findings-about-religion-in-western-europe/
Salgado, A. C. (2014). Revisión de estudios empíricos sobre el impacto de la religión, religiosidad y espiritualidad como factores protectores. Propósitos y Representaciones, 2(1), 121-159. https://doi.org/10.20511/pyr2014.v2n1.55
Salgado-Lévano, C. (2016). Acerca de la psicología de la religión y la espiritualidad. Revista EDUCA UMCH, 7(1), 6-27.
https://doi.org/10.35756/educaumch.201607.2
Sandage, S. J., & Strawn, B. D. (Eds.). (2022). Spiritual diversity in psychotherapy: Engaging the sacred in clinical practice. American Psychological Association. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0000276-000
Santos, C., & Michaels, J. L. (2022). What are the core features and dimensions of “spirituality”? Applying a partial prototype analysis to understand how laypeople mentally represent spirituality as a concept. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 14(1), 10–20.
https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000380
Saunders, S. M., Petrik, M. L., & Miller, M. L. (2014). Psychology doctoral students’ perspectives on addressing spirituality and religion with clients: Associations with personal preferences and training. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(1), 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035200
Schafer, R. M., Handal, P. J., Brawer, P. A., & Ubinger, M. (2011). Training and education in religion/spirituality within APA-accredited clinical psychology programs: 8 years later. Journal of Religion and Health, 50(2), 232–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-009-9272-8
Scharrón del Río, M. (2011). Supuestos, explicaciones y sistemas de creencias: Ciencia, religión y psicología. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 21(1), 85-112. https://repsasppr.net/index.php/reps/article/view/185
Schumann, C., Stroppa, A., & Moreira-Almeida, A. (2011). The contribution of faith-based health organizations to public health. International Psychiatry, 8(3), 62–64.
Silva-Gotay, S. (1997). Protestantismo y política en Puerto Rico, 1898-1930. Universidad de Puerto Rico.
Silva-Soto, S. R. (2014). Dilemas éticos de la práctica de la psicología desde discursos religiosos. En J. Toro-Alfonso (Ed.), Retos éticos en la práctica de la psicología en Puerto Rico (pp. 197-206). Publicaciones Puertorriqueñas.
Simkin, H. (2017). La salud mental en la psicología de la religión y de la espiritualidad. Revista Científica Arbitrada de la Fundación MenteClara, 2(2), 169-204. https://doi.org/10.32351/rca.v2.2.33
Shults, F.L., Wildman. W.J., Taves, A., & Paloutzian, R.F. (2020). What do religion scholars really want? Scholarly values in the scientific study of religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 59(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12643
Sperry, L. (2012). Spirituality and clinical practice: Theory and practice of spiritually oriented psychotherapy (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Stark, R. (1997). The rise of Christianity: How the obscure, marginal, Jesus movement became the dominant religious force in the western world in a few centuries. Princeton University Press.
Stark, R. (2005). The victory of reason: How Christianity led to freedom, capitalism, and western success. Random House Trade Paperbacks.
Sulmasy, D. P. (2002). A Biopsychosocial-Spiritual model for the care of patients at the end of life. The Gerontologist, 42(3), 24-33. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/42.suppl_3.24
The Joint Commission. (2016). Spiritual beliefs and preferences-evaluating a patient's spiritual needs.
https://www.jointcommission.org/standards/standard-faqs/critical-access-hospital/provision-of-care-treatment-and-services-pc/000001669/
Valiente-Barroso, C., & García-García, E. (2010). La religiosidad como factor promotor de salud y bienestar para un modelo multidisciplinario de atención psicogeriátrica. Psicogeriatría, 2(3), 153-165. https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/140-2013-10-04-documento25550.pdf
VanderWeele, T. J. (2017a). Religious communities and human flourishing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(5), 476–481.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417721526
VanderWeele, T. J. (2017b). Religion and health: A synthesis. In M. J. Balboni and J. R. Peteet (eds.)., Spirituality and religion within the culture of medicine: From evidence to practice (pp. 357-396). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190272432.003.0022
Vieten, C., & Lukoff, D. (2022). Spiritual and religious competencies in psychology. American Psychologist, 77(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000821
Vieten, C., Scammell, S., Pilato, R., Ammondson, I., Pargament, K. I., & Lukoff, D. (2013). Spiritual and religious competencies for psychologists. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(3), 129–144.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032699
World Health Organization. (1998). WHOQOL and spirituality, religiousness and personal beliefs (SRPB).
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/70897/WHO_MSA_MHP_98.2_eng.pdf;jsessionid=BF186F348E2E5FCFFDEF4B88E55BAC8B?sequence=1
Worthington, E. L., Jr., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., & McDaniel, M. A. (2011). Religion and spirituality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 204–214. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20760
Wuff, D. M. (1996). The psychology of religion: An overview. In E. P. Shafranske (Ed.), Religion and the clinical practice of psychology (pp.43-70). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10199-002
Yamada, A.M., Lukoff, D., Lim, C. S. F., & Mancuso, L. L. (2020). Integrating spirituality and mental health: Perspectives of adults receiving public mental health services in California. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 12(3), 276–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000260
Yoffe, L. (2007). Efectos positivos de la religión y la espiritualidad en el afrontamiento de duelos. Psicodebate, 7(1), 193-206. https://doi.org/10.18682/pd.v7i0.435
Cómo citar
Abriendo nuevas puertas: Relevancia clínica de integrar la religión y la espiritualidad en la disciplina de la psicología. (2022). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 33(2), 258-271. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3302.05
Sección
Artículo de investigación

Cómo citar

Abriendo nuevas puertas: Relevancia clínica de integrar la religión y la espiritualidad en la disciplina de la psicología. (2022). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 33(2), 258-271. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3302.05