Zulmarie Rodríguez Rivera Yazdel Guzmán- Echevarría Franchesca Arias Mairim Vega Carrero

Abstract

The prevalence of dementia has increased in recent decades, placing a significant burden on informal caregivers (ICs), primarily family members. These individuals experience high levels of emotional distress, financial hardship, and physical strain due to their caregiving roles. The COVID-19 pandemic further intensified these challenges. However, the relationship between affliction and psychological well-being among this population remains understudied. This study employed a quantitative, cross-sectional, ex post facto, and correlational design. Its objectives were to describe the levels of affliction and psychological well-being among ICs of individuals with dementia in Puerto Rico and to analyze the relationship between these variables during the pandemic. The sample consisted of 84 Puerto Rican adults, 92.9% of whom identified as women. Seventy percent (n = 59) reported moderate levels of affliction, 19% (n = 16) low levels, and 11% (n = 9) high levels, with a mean score of 63.89 (SD = 13.31). Additionally, 61% (n = 51) reported low levels of psychological well-being. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed a moderate, statistically significant negative relationship between the two variables (r = -.374, p < .01). These findings underscore the importance of addressing affliction among caregivers to improve their psychological well-being.

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

Keywords

grief, psychological well-being , informal caregivers, pandemic , COVID-19

References
Aker, N., West, E., Davies, N., Moore, K. J., Sampson, E. L., Nair, P., & Kupeli, N. (2021). Challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic by family carers of people living with dementia towards the end of life. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07019-6
Alvelo Burgos, J., & Cancio González, R. (2018). Una escala para medir la aflicción del cuidador del paciente con Alzheimer. Voces desde el Trabajo Social, 6(1), 44-67. https://doi.org/10.31919/voces.v6i1.121
Alvelo Burgos, J., Cancio-González, R. E., & Collazo, A. (2018). Validation of a Spanish version of the Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory Short Form in a Puerto Rican Sample. Research on Social Work Practice, 28(4), 507-518. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731516656801
Alzheimer’s Association. (2021). 2021 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2021, 17(3), 1-108. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12328
Balladares, J., Carvacho, R., Basualto, P., Coli Acevedo, J., Molina Garzón, M., Catalán, L., Gray-Gariazzo, N., & Aracena Alvarez, M. (2021). Cuidar a los que cuidan: Experiencias de cuidado-res informales de personas mayores dependientes en contexto COVID-19. Psicoperspectivas, 20(3), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.5027/psicoperspectivas-Vol20-Issue3-fulltext-2397
Cerquera, A. M., & Galvis, M. J. (2014). Efectos de cuidar personas con Alzheimer: Un estudio sobre cuidadores formales e informales. Pensamiento Psicológico, 12(1), 149-167.
Da Silva, C. Y. (2019). Ser cuidador. Estrategias para el cuidado del adulto mayor (1era ed.) Manual Moderno.
Departamento de Salud, Gobierno de Puerto Rico. (2019). Boletín trimestral del Registro de Alzheimer de Puerto Rico. https://estadisticas.pr/files/Inventario/publicaciones/Boletín
Duplantier, S. C., & Williamson, F. A. (2023). Barriers and facilitators of health and well-being in informal caregivers of dementia patients: A qualitative study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 4328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054328
Fajardo, E., Núñez, M. L., & Henao, A. M. (2020). Resilience in in-home caregivers of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Revista Latinoamericana de Bioética, 20(2), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.18359/rlbi.4813
Ferrer, C. (2020). El optimismo y su relación con el bienestar psicológico. Revista Científica Arbitrada de la Fundación Mente Clara, 5, 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.32351/rca.v5.199
González, M., Piza, N., & Sánchez, P. D. P. (2020). Positive psychology as a resource in the care of the elderly adult. Conrado, 16(72), 109-115. https://conrado.ucf.edu.cu/index.php/conrado/article/view/1206/1216
González-Rivera, J.A., Quintero, N., Veray, J., & Rosario, A. (2016). Adaptación y validación de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff en una Muestra de Adultos Puertorriqueños. Salud y Conducta Humana, 3(1), 1-14.
González-Rivera, J., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2018). Diferencias sociodemográficas en el bienestar psicológico de adultos puertorriqueños: Un estudio preliminar. Revista Griot, 10(1), 15-27. https://revistas.upr.edu/index.php/griot/article/view/9164
Greenberg, N., Wallick, A., & Brown, L. M. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on community-dwelling caregivers and persons with dementia. American Psychological Association, 12(1), 220-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000793
Hernández-Sampieri, R., Fernández-Collado, C. & Baptista-Lucio, P. (2014). Metodología de la investigación (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
International Psychogeriatrics (2018). Research on caregiver stress: Time for integration and application. International Psychogeriatric Association, 30(8), 1085–1087. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610218001035
Junquero Gil, M., & Navajas-Pertegás, N. (2021). El olvido de lo imprescindible: Percepciones y vivencias de cuidadoras de personas con Alzheimer en tiempos de coronavirus. En A. Marrades Puig (Ed.), Los cuidados en la era Covid-19. Análisis jurídico, económico y político (pp. 239-263). Titant Humanidades.
Kolakowsky-Hayner, S. A., Goldin, Y., Kingsley, K., Alzueta, E., Arango-Lasprilla, J. C., Perrin, P. B., ... & Constantinidou, F. (2020). Psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 quarantine: A study of gender differences in 59 countries. Medicina, 57(8), 789.
López, E. (2016). Puesta al día: Cuidador informal. Revista Enfermería CyL, 8(1), 71- 77.
Losada, A., Márquez, M., Vara-García, C., Gallego, L., Romero, R., & Olazarán, J. (2017). Impacto psicológico de las demencias en las familias: Propuesta de un modelo integrador. Clínica Contemporánea, 8(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.5093/cc2017a4
Marwit, S. J., & Meuser, T. M. (2002). Development and initial validation of an inventory to assess grief in caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease. The Gerontologist, 42(6), 751-765. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/42.6.751
Marwit, S. J., & Meuser, T. M. (2005). Development of a short form inventory to assess grief in caregivers of dementia patients. Taylor & Francis Inc., 29, 191-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180590916335
Nathanson, A., & Rogers, M. (2020). When ambiguous loss becomes ambiguous grief: Clinical work with bereaved dementia caregivers. Health & Social Work, 45(4), 268-275. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlaa026
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). (31 de marzo de 2025). Demencia. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia
Rivera, D. (2022). Evaluación de la Relación entre el nivel de resiliencia y el nivel de bienestar en una muestra de cuidadores primarios de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer durante la pandemia COVID-19 en Puerto Rico [Disertación doctoral no publicada]. Universidad Albizu, San Juan.
Rivera, M. (2013). Variables de riesgo aso-ciadas al burnout entre cuidadores fami-liares de enfermos de Alzheimer en el oeste de Puerto Rico [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universidad de León.
Rivera Moret, M., Rosario-Hernández, I., & Cuevas Torres, M. (2015). Síndrome de quemarse en el trabajo y factores de apoyo a cuidadores de personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer. Informes Psicológicos, 15(1), 13-30. https://doi.org/10.18566/infpsicv15n1a01
Rodríguez, J. (2018). Los determinantes sociales de la salud en la vejez: Algunas consideraciones relevantes y prácticas para la psicología en Puerto Rico. Behavioral Sciences Journal, 33(1), 171-184. https://cienciasdelaconducta.org/index.php/cdc/article/view/9
Sehar, U., Rawat, P., Choudhury, M., Boles, A., Culberson, J., Khan, H., Malhotra, K., Basu, T., & Reddy, P. H. (2022). Comprehensive understanding of Hispanic caregivers: Focus on innovative methods and validations. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease Reports, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3233/adr-220094
Tran, J. T., Theng, B., Tzeng, H. M., Raji, M., Serag, H., Shih, M., & Lee, W. M. (2023). Cultural diversity impacts caregiving experiences: A comprehensive exploration of differences in caregiver burdens, needs, and outcomes. Cureus, 15(10). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.46537
Tujit, R., Frost, R., Wilcock, J. Robinson, L. Manthorpe, J. Rait, G., & Walters, K. (2021). Life under lockdown and social restrictions- the experiences of people living with dementia and their carers during the COVID-19 pandemic in 102 England. BMC Geriatrics, 21(301), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02257-z
United States Census Bureau. (2023). Median household income in Puerto Rico.
https://data.census.gov/all?q=income+and+poverty+in+Puerto+Rico
Vázquez, C., Hervás, G., Rahona, J. J., & Gómez, D. (2009). Psychological well-being and health. Contributions of positive psychology. Annuary of Clinical and Health Psychology, 5(2009), 15-27.
Vivaldi, F., & Barra, E. (2012). Bienestar psicológico, apoyo social percibido y percepción de salud en adultos mayores. Terapia Psicológica, 30(2), 23-29. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082012000200002
How to Cite
Psychological wellbeing and grief in informal caregivers of older adults with dementia in Puerto Rico, during pandemic times. (2025). Puerto Rican Journal of Psychology, 36(1), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.55611/
Section
Artículo de investigación

How to Cite

Psychological wellbeing and grief in informal caregivers of older adults with dementia in Puerto Rico, during pandemic times. (2025). Puerto Rican Journal of Psychology, 36(1), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.55611/