Negative and positive religious coping following the death of significant persons and its relationship with depressive symptoms
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Published
2022-12-09
Miguel A Torres Narvaez
Alfonso Martínez-Taboas
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8474-3754
Abstract
The death of a significant person is one of the most difficult events to comprehend and assimilate. Numerous investigations sustain the view that in theistic individuals, religion and spirituality serve as support in such a difficult moment. Nevertheless, it is also known that there are people that in moments of loss develop religious and spiritual struggles. Those people tend to demonstrate more emotional problems than those who do not demonstrate such struggles. The present study aimed to explore different correlations and the death of a significant person in the lives of 116 theistic participants. We investigated the positive and negative religious coping and their relationship with symptoms of depression. We observed moderate associations between negative religious coping (NRC) and the endorsement of depressive symptoms. On the other hand, we found that a low correlation between positive religious coping (PRC) and symptoms of depression. In addition, we found that men tended to use more NRC than women. These findings indicate that NRC tend to correlate with emotional anguish and emphasize the importance of assessing NRC in a clinical context and the incorporation of such conflicts in the treatment of mental dysfunctions.
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Keywords
Bereavement, Depression, Religious coping
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Bar-Nadav, O., & Rubin, S. S. (2016). Love and bereavement: Life functioning and relationship to partner and spouse in bereaved and nonbereaved young women. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 74(1), 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222815598035
Barranco, R. E. (2016). Suicide, religion, and Latinos: A macrolevel study of U.S. Latino suicide rates. Sociological Quarterly, 57(2), 256-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12110
Bentzen, J. S. (2020). In crisis we pray: Religiosity and the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organi-zation, 192, 541–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.10.014
Bockrath, M. F., Pargament, K. I., Wong, S., Harriott, V. A., Pomerleau, J. M., Homolka, S. J., Chaudhary, Z. B., & Exline, J. J. (2021). Religious and spiritual struggles and their links to psy-chological adjustment: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 14(3), 283-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000400
Bonelli, R., Dew, R. E., Koenig, H. G., Rosmarin, D. H., & Vasegh, S. (2012). Religious and spiritual factors in depression: Review and integration of the research. Depression and Research Treatment. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/962860
Bottomley, J. S., Burke, L. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2017). Domains of social support that predict bereavement distress follow-ing homicide loss: Assessing need and satisfaction. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 75(1), 3–25.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222815612282
Clesse, F., Leray, E., Livinec, F., Husky, M., & Kovess, V. (2015). Bereavement-related depression: Did the changes induced by DSM-V make a difference? Results from a large population-based survey of French residents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 182, 82-90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.039
Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Drescher, K. D. (2015). Spirituality factors in the prediction of outcomes of PTSD treatment for U. S. military veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(1), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21978
Currier, J. M., Smith, P. N., & Kuhlman, S. (2017). Assessing the unique role of religious coping in suicidal behavior among U.S. Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(1), 118-123. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000055
Desai, K. M., & Pargament, K. I. (2015). Predictors of growth and decline following spiritual struggles. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 25(1), 42-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2013.847697
Draper, A., & Hancock, M. (2011). Childhood parental bereavement: The risk of vulnerability to delinquency and factors that compromise resilience. Mortality, 16(4), 85-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2011.613266
Evans, J. (1996). Straightforward statistics for the behavioral sciences. Brooks/Cole Publishing.
Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Grubbs, J. B., & Yali, A. M. (2014). The religious and spiritual struggles scale: Development and initial validation. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(3), 208–222.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036465
Exline, J. J., & Rose, E. (2013). Religious and spiritual struggles. En R. F, Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 380-398). Guilford Press.
González-Rivera, J. A., & Álvarez-Alatorre, Y. (2021). Inventario breve de luchas reli-giosas y espirituales: Validación inicial y estudio psicométrico. Interacciones, 7, e188. https://doi.org/10.24016/2021.v7.188
Hood, R. W., Hill, P. C., & Spilka, B. (2018). The psychology of religion (4ta ed.). Guilford Press.
Hook, J. N., Captari, L. E., Hoyt, W., Davis, D., McElroy, S., & Worthington, E. L. (2019). Religion and spirituality. En J. C. Norcross & B. E. Wampold (Eds.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (pp. 212-263). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190843960.003.0008
Koenig, H. G. (2018). Religion and mental health: Research and clinical applications. Academic Press.
Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2002). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606-613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
Ladd, K. L., & Spilka, B. (2013). Ritual and prayer: Forms, functions, and relationships. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 441–456). The Guilford Press.
Leo, D., Izadikhah, Z., Fein, E. C., & Forooshani, S. A. (2019). The effects of trauma on religious beliefs: A structured literature review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 22(1), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019834076
Lerman, S., Jung, M., Arredondo, E. M., Barnhart, J. M., Cai, J., & Castañeda, S.F. (2018). Religiosity prevalence and its association with depression and anxiety symptoms among Hispanic/Lati-no adults. PLOS ONE 13(2).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185661
Murphy, P. E., Fitchett, G., & Emery-Tiburcio, E. (2016). Religious and spiritual struggle: Prevalence and correlates among older adults with depression in the BRIGHTEN program. Mental Health, Religion, and Culture, 19(7), 713-721. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2016.1244178
Nazaré, B., Fonseca, A., & Canavarro, M. C. (2013). Adaptive and maladaptive grief responses following TOPFA: actor and partner effects of coping strategies. Journal of Reproductive & Infant Psycho-logy, 31(3), 257-273.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2013.806789
Neimeyer, R. A., & Burke, L. A. (2017). Spiritual distress and depression in bereavement: A meaning-oriented contri-bution. Journal of Rational Emotive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, 35, 38–59.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-017-0262-6
Pagán-Torres, O. M., Cumba-Avilés, E., Rosario-Hernández, E., & González-Rivera, J. A. (2021). Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Brief Religious Coping Scale (Brief-RCOPE) in Puerto Rican adults. Revista Evaluar, 21(2), 48-62.
https://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v21.n2.34396
Pagán-Torres, O. M., & González-Rivera, J. A. (2019). The association between religious coping and depressive symp-tomatology in Puerto Rico: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Religion and Theology, 3(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v21.n2.34396
Pagán-Torres, O. M., González-Rivera, J. A., & Rosario-Hernández, E. (2020). Psychometric analysis and factor structure of the Spanish version of the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire in a general sample of Puerto Rican adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 42(3), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986320926524
Pagán-Torres, O., Rosario-Hernández, E., González-Rivera, J. A., & Martínez-Taboas, A. (2021). The mediating role of religious coping in perceived stress, psychological symptoms and psycholo-gical well-being in a sample of Puerto Rican adults. International Journal of Psychology of Religion, 6(1), 29-46. https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2021.6.1.133
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 519-543. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4%3C519::AID-JCLP6%3E3.0.CO;2-1
Pargament, K. I. (2007). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy. Guilford Press.
Pargament, K. I., & Exline, J. J. (2022). Working with spiritual struggles in psychotherapy. Guilford.
Park, C., Holt, C., Le, D., Williams, J., & Rosa, B. (2018). Positive and negative religious coping styles as prospective pre-dictors of well-being in African Americans. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 10(4), 318-326. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000124
Pitman A. L., Rantell, K., & Moran, P. (2017). Support received after bereavement by suicide and other sudden deaths: A cross-sectional UK study of 3432 young bereaved adults. BMJ Open, 7(5), e014487.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014487
Pomerleau, J. M., Pargament, K. I., Krause, N., Ironson, G., & Hill, P. (2020). Religious and spiritual struggles as a mediator of the link between stressful life events and psychological adjustment in a nationwide sample. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 12(4), 451–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000268
Rodríguez Carrión, D. M., Montalvo, S. S., & Martínez-Taboas, A. (2011). Contribu-ción del afrontamiento religioso a la calidad de vida y sintomatología depre-siva en una muestra de hispanos que tienen un diagnóstico de cáncer. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 22(2), 27-45. https://www.repsasppr.net/index.php/reps/article/view/190
Rodríguez Gómez José. (2017). Hacia una psicología puertorriquen̋a de la religión: investigaciones preliminares (Tercera edición). A Plus Copy Services.
Salsman, J. M., Pustejovsky, J. E., Jim, H. S., Munoz, A. R., Merluzzi, T. V., George., Fitchett, G. (2015). A meta-analytic approach to examining the correlation between religion/spirituality and mental health in cancer. Cancer, 121(21), 3769–3778. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29350
Schantz, K., Reighard, C., Aikens, J., Aruquipa, A., Pinto, B., Valverde, H., & Piette, J. D. (2017). Screening for depression in Andean Latin America: Factor structure and reliability of the CES-D short form and the PHQ-8 among Bolivian public hospital patients. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 52(4-6), 315-327.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0091217417738934
Stauner, N., Exline, J. J., & Wilt, J. A. (2020). Meaning, religious/spiritual struggles, and well- being. In K. E. Vail III & C. Routledge (Eds.), The science of religion, spirituality, and existential-ism (pp. 287–303). Elsevier Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817204-9.00021-4
Stelzer, E. M., Palitsky, R., Hernández, E. N., Ramírez, E. G., & O’Connor, M. F. (2020). The role of personal and communal religiosity in the context of bereavement. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 48(1), 64-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2019.1617523
Sisemore, T. (2016). The psychology of religion and spirituality. Wiley.
Strosky, D. G., Wang, D. C., Hill, P. C., Long, J. E., Davis, E. B., & Cuthbert, A. D. (2018). Students in faith-based doctoral psychology programs: Religious/spiritual struggles moderate the effect of distress from clinical work on negative affect. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 46(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091647117750657
Trevino, K. M., Balboni, M., Zollfrank, T., Balboni, T., & Prigerson, H. G. (2014). Negative religious coping as a correlate of suicidal ideation in patients with advanced cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 23, 936-945. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3505
Wilt, J. A., Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., & Pargament, K. I. (2016). Personality, religious and spiritual struggles, and well-being. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(4), 341-351. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000054
Bar-Nadav, O., & Rubin, S. S. (2016). Love and bereavement: Life functioning and relationship to partner and spouse in bereaved and nonbereaved young women. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 74(1), 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222815598035
Barranco, R. E. (2016). Suicide, religion, and Latinos: A macrolevel study of U.S. Latino suicide rates. Sociological Quarterly, 57(2), 256-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12110
Bentzen, J. S. (2020). In crisis we pray: Religiosity and the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organi-zation, 192, 541–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.10.014
Bockrath, M. F., Pargament, K. I., Wong, S., Harriott, V. A., Pomerleau, J. M., Homolka, S. J., Chaudhary, Z. B., & Exline, J. J. (2021). Religious and spiritual struggles and their links to psy-chological adjustment: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 14(3), 283-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000400
Bonelli, R., Dew, R. E., Koenig, H. G., Rosmarin, D. H., & Vasegh, S. (2012). Religious and spiritual factors in depression: Review and integration of the research. Depression and Research Treatment. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/962860
Bottomley, J. S., Burke, L. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2017). Domains of social support that predict bereavement distress follow-ing homicide loss: Assessing need and satisfaction. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 75(1), 3–25.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222815612282
Clesse, F., Leray, E., Livinec, F., Husky, M., & Kovess, V. (2015). Bereavement-related depression: Did the changes induced by DSM-V make a difference? Results from a large population-based survey of French residents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 182, 82-90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.039
Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Drescher, K. D. (2015). Spirituality factors in the prediction of outcomes of PTSD treatment for U. S. military veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(1), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21978
Currier, J. M., Smith, P. N., & Kuhlman, S. (2017). Assessing the unique role of religious coping in suicidal behavior among U.S. Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(1), 118-123. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000055
Desai, K. M., & Pargament, K. I. (2015). Predictors of growth and decline following spiritual struggles. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 25(1), 42-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2013.847697
Draper, A., & Hancock, M. (2011). Childhood parental bereavement: The risk of vulnerability to delinquency and factors that compromise resilience. Mortality, 16(4), 85-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2011.613266
Evans, J. (1996). Straightforward statistics for the behavioral sciences. Brooks/Cole Publishing.
Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Grubbs, J. B., & Yali, A. M. (2014). The religious and spiritual struggles scale: Development and initial validation. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(3), 208–222.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036465
Exline, J. J., & Rose, E. (2013). Religious and spiritual struggles. En R. F, Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 380-398). Guilford Press.
González-Rivera, J. A., & Álvarez-Alatorre, Y. (2021). Inventario breve de luchas reli-giosas y espirituales: Validación inicial y estudio psicométrico. Interacciones, 7, e188. https://doi.org/10.24016/2021.v7.188
Hood, R. W., Hill, P. C., & Spilka, B. (2018). The psychology of religion (4ta ed.). Guilford Press.
Hook, J. N., Captari, L. E., Hoyt, W., Davis, D., McElroy, S., & Worthington, E. L. (2019). Religion and spirituality. En J. C. Norcross & B. E. Wampold (Eds.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (pp. 212-263). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190843960.003.0008
Koenig, H. G. (2018). Religion and mental health: Research and clinical applications. Academic Press.
Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2002). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606-613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
Ladd, K. L., & Spilka, B. (2013). Ritual and prayer: Forms, functions, and relationships. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 441–456). The Guilford Press.
Leo, D., Izadikhah, Z., Fein, E. C., & Forooshani, S. A. (2019). The effects of trauma on religious beliefs: A structured literature review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 22(1), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019834076
Lerman, S., Jung, M., Arredondo, E. M., Barnhart, J. M., Cai, J., & Castañeda, S.F. (2018). Religiosity prevalence and its association with depression and anxiety symptoms among Hispanic/Lati-no adults. PLOS ONE 13(2).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185661
Murphy, P. E., Fitchett, G., & Emery-Tiburcio, E. (2016). Religious and spiritual struggle: Prevalence and correlates among older adults with depression in the BRIGHTEN program. Mental Health, Religion, and Culture, 19(7), 713-721. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2016.1244178
Nazaré, B., Fonseca, A., & Canavarro, M. C. (2013). Adaptive and maladaptive grief responses following TOPFA: actor and partner effects of coping strategies. Journal of Reproductive & Infant Psycho-logy, 31(3), 257-273.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2013.806789
Neimeyer, R. A., & Burke, L. A. (2017). Spiritual distress and depression in bereavement: A meaning-oriented contri-bution. Journal of Rational Emotive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, 35, 38–59.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-017-0262-6
Pagán-Torres, O. M., Cumba-Avilés, E., Rosario-Hernández, E., & González-Rivera, J. A. (2021). Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Brief Religious Coping Scale (Brief-RCOPE) in Puerto Rican adults. Revista Evaluar, 21(2), 48-62.
https://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v21.n2.34396
Pagán-Torres, O. M., & González-Rivera, J. A. (2019). The association between religious coping and depressive symp-tomatology in Puerto Rico: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Religion and Theology, 3(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v21.n2.34396
Pagán-Torres, O. M., González-Rivera, J. A., & Rosario-Hernández, E. (2020). Psychometric analysis and factor structure of the Spanish version of the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire in a general sample of Puerto Rican adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 42(3), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986320926524
Pagán-Torres, O., Rosario-Hernández, E., González-Rivera, J. A., & Martínez-Taboas, A. (2021). The mediating role of religious coping in perceived stress, psychological symptoms and psycholo-gical well-being in a sample of Puerto Rican adults. International Journal of Psychology of Religion, 6(1), 29-46. https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2021.6.1.133
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 519-543. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4%3C519::AID-JCLP6%3E3.0.CO;2-1
Pargament, K. I. (2007). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy. Guilford Press.
Pargament, K. I., & Exline, J. J. (2022). Working with spiritual struggles in psychotherapy. Guilford.
Park, C., Holt, C., Le, D., Williams, J., & Rosa, B. (2018). Positive and negative religious coping styles as prospective pre-dictors of well-being in African Americans. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 10(4), 318-326. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000124
Pitman A. L., Rantell, K., & Moran, P. (2017). Support received after bereavement by suicide and other sudden deaths: A cross-sectional UK study of 3432 young bereaved adults. BMJ Open, 7(5), e014487.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014487
Pomerleau, J. M., Pargament, K. I., Krause, N., Ironson, G., & Hill, P. (2020). Religious and spiritual struggles as a mediator of the link between stressful life events and psychological adjustment in a nationwide sample. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 12(4), 451–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000268
Rodríguez Carrión, D. M., Montalvo, S. S., & Martínez-Taboas, A. (2011). Contribu-ción del afrontamiento religioso a la calidad de vida y sintomatología depre-siva en una muestra de hispanos que tienen un diagnóstico de cáncer. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 22(2), 27-45. https://www.repsasppr.net/index.php/reps/article/view/190
Rodríguez Gómez José. (2017). Hacia una psicología puertorriquen̋a de la religión: investigaciones preliminares (Tercera edición). A Plus Copy Services.
Salsman, J. M., Pustejovsky, J. E., Jim, H. S., Munoz, A. R., Merluzzi, T. V., George., Fitchett, G. (2015). A meta-analytic approach to examining the correlation between religion/spirituality and mental health in cancer. Cancer, 121(21), 3769–3778. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29350
Schantz, K., Reighard, C., Aikens, J., Aruquipa, A., Pinto, B., Valverde, H., & Piette, J. D. (2017). Screening for depression in Andean Latin America: Factor structure and reliability of the CES-D short form and the PHQ-8 among Bolivian public hospital patients. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 52(4-6), 315-327.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0091217417738934
Stauner, N., Exline, J. J., & Wilt, J. A. (2020). Meaning, religious/spiritual struggles, and well- being. In K. E. Vail III & C. Routledge (Eds.), The science of religion, spirituality, and existential-ism (pp. 287–303). Elsevier Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817204-9.00021-4
Stelzer, E. M., Palitsky, R., Hernández, E. N., Ramírez, E. G., & O’Connor, M. F. (2020). The role of personal and communal religiosity in the context of bereavement. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 48(1), 64-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2019.1617523
Sisemore, T. (2016). The psychology of religion and spirituality. Wiley.
Strosky, D. G., Wang, D. C., Hill, P. C., Long, J. E., Davis, E. B., & Cuthbert, A. D. (2018). Students in faith-based doctoral psychology programs: Religious/spiritual struggles moderate the effect of distress from clinical work on negative affect. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 46(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091647117750657
Trevino, K. M., Balboni, M., Zollfrank, T., Balboni, T., & Prigerson, H. G. (2014). Negative religious coping as a correlate of suicidal ideation in patients with advanced cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 23, 936-945. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3505
Wilt, J. A., Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., & Pargament, K. I. (2016). Personality, religious and spiritual struggles, and well-being. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(4), 341-351. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000054
How to Cite
Negative and positive religious coping following the death of significant persons and its relationship with depressive symptoms. (2022). Puerto Rican Journal of Psychology, 33(2), 272-286. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3302.06
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Artículo de investigación
Si se acepta un trabajo para su publicación, los derechos de impresión y de reproducción por cualquier forma y medio son de la Asociación de Psicología de Puerto Rico (APPR), que no rechazará cualquier petición razonable por parte de los autores para obtener el permiso de reproducción de sus contribuciones. Debe adjuntarse una carta tipo de cesión de derechos. Se entiende que las opiniones expresadas en los artículos son de responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores y no comprometen la opinión y política científica de la Revista ni de la APPR. Igualmente, las actividades descritas en los trabajos publicados estarán de acuerdo con los criterios de ética, tanto por lo que se refiere a los trabajos con humanos como a la experimentación animal, así como en todo lo relativo a la ética profesional.
How to Cite
Negative and positive religious coping following the death of significant persons and its relationship with depressive symptoms. (2022). Puerto Rican Journal of Psychology, 33(2), 272-286. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3302.06