Identificando los efectos del racismo y el coloniaje mediante el marco de poder, amenaza y significado
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Publicado
2024-12-31
Fabián Feliciano Graniela
José Giovanni Luiggi-Hernández
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8800-735X
Resumen
La Sociedad Británica de Psicología lanzó en 2018 el Marco de Poder, Amenaza y Significado (PAS o PTMF). Este enfoque, alternativo a sistemas diagnósticos como el DSM e ICD, evita la patologización del sufrimiento humano, que ha sido empleado para oprimir a grupos marginados, como personas negras, mujeres, personas transgénero y no heterosexuales. El PAS considera el sufrimiento como respuestas normales a contextos adversos. A través de la evidencia científica, identifica patrones de sufrimiento emocional y comportamientos problemáticos surgidos de contextos opresores. Este marco explora cómo el poder impacta la vida de las personas, cómo afrontan amenazas a su salud mental y física, y cómo dan significado a sus experiencias. Facilita la colaboración entre profesionales y personas para formular casos y planificar tratamientos. Este artículo tiene como objetivos presentar el PAS a la audiencia puertorriqueña, ofrecer ejemplos de su aplicación en evaluación y tratamiento en Puerto Rico para abordar los efectos del racismo y colonialismo, y proponer formas de ampliar su uso en la región.
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Keywords
Racismo, Colonialismo, Coloniaje, PTMF, MPAS
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Busch, F. N., Milrod, B. L., Singer, M. B., & Aronson, A. C. (2012). Manual of Panic Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy – eXtended Range. Routledge.
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Caraballo-Cueto, J., & Godreau, I. P. (2021). Colorism and health disparities in home countries: The case of Puerto Rico. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 23, 926-935.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-021-01222-7
Cesaire, A. (2000) Discourse on colonialism (J. Pinkham, Trans.). Monthly Review Press.
Crenshaw, K. W. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241-1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
Cromby, J., & Harper, D. (2013). Paranoia: Contested and contextualized. En S. Coles, S. Keenan & B. Diamond (Eds.), Madness contested: Power and Practice (pp. 23-41). PCCS Books.
Cuthbert, B. N. (2020). The role of RDoC in future classification of mental disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 22(1), 81–85. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/bcuthbert
Cuthbert, B. N., & Insel, T. R. (2013). Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: The seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Medicine, 11, 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-126
Dalal, F. (2002). Race, colour and the process of racialization: New perspectives from group analysis, psychoanalysis and sociology. Routledge.
David, E.J.R., & Okazaki, S. (2006). The Colonial Mentality Scale (CMS) for Filipino Americans: Scale construction and psychological implications. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(2), 241-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.2.241
Espinosa-Miñoso, Y. (2023). Feminismo descolonial: Nuevos aportes teórico-metodológicos a más de una década (2da ed.). en la frontera.
Fanon, F. (2008). Black Skin, White Masks. Grove Press. (Original work published 1952)
Feliciano-Graniela, F. E. (2023, 3-4 de noviembre). Actitud descolonial en el quehacer clínico [Conferencia libre]. Convención de la Asociación de Psicología de Puerto Rico #70 - Prevención y Psicoeducación: Acciones hacia la solidaridad y empoderamiento social, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
Fernando, S. (2010). Mental health, race and culture (3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
Gabriel, R. (2023). Epistemic cultural constraints on the uses of psychology. New Ideas in Psychology, 68, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100986
Gaztambide, D., Feliciano-Graniela, F. G., Luiggi-Hernández, J. G., & Medina Escobar, E. (2024). Decolonizing psychoanalysis: Anti-blackness, coloniality, and a new premise for psychoanalytic treatment. En L. Comas-Díaz, H. Adames & N. Chavez (Eds.), Decolonial psychology: Theory, research, training, and practice (pp.321-344). American Psychological Association.
Gaztambide, D. J. (2019). A people’s history of psychoanalysis: From Freud to liberation psychology. Lexington Books/Rowman & Littlefield.
Godreau, I. P. (2008). Slippery semantics: Race talk and everyday uses of racial terminology in Puerto Rico. Centro Journal, 20(2), 5-33.
Goldsmith, P. A. (2004). Schools’ racial mix, students’ optimism, and the Black-White and Latino-White achievement gaps. Sociology of Education, 77(2), 121-147. https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070407700202
Harper, D. J. (2011). The social context of paranoia. En M. Rapley, J. Moncrieff & J. Dillon (Eds.), De-medicalising misery: Psychiatry, psychology, and the human condition. (pp. 53-65). Palgrave McMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230342507_5
Jack, A. H., & Egan, V. (2017). Trouble at school: A systematic review to explore the association between childhood bullying and paranoid thinking. Psychosis, 9(3), 260-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2017.1340503
Johnstone, L. (2018). Psychological formulation as an alternative to psychiatric diagnosis. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 58(1), 30-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817722230
Johnstone, L., Boyle, M., Cromby, J., Dillon, J., Harper, D., Kinderman, P., Longden, E., Pilgrim, D., & Read, J. (2018). The power threat meaning framework: Towards the identification of patterns in emotional distress, unusual experiences and troubled or troubling behaviour, as an alternative to functional psychiatric diagnosis. British Psychological Society.
Jurist, E. (2018). Minding emotions: Cultivating mentalization in psychotherapy. The Guildford Press.
Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. Y. (2002). Relation between racial discrimination, social class, and health among ethnic minority groups. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 624–631. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.92.4.624
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., Brown, T. A., Carpenter, W. T., Caspi, A., Clark, L. A., Eaton, N. R., Forbes, M. K., Forbush, K. T., Goldberg, D., Hasin, D., Hyman, S. E., Ivanova, M. Y., Lynam, D. R., Markon, K… Zimmerman, M. (2017). The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(4), 454–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000258
Levin, S., & Van Laar, C. (Eds.). (2006). Stigma and group inequality: Social psychological perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Lingiardi, V., & McWilliams, N. (Eds.). (2017). Psychodynamic diagnostic manual: PDM-2 (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
Littlewood, R., & Lipsedge, M. (1997). Aliens and alienists. Ethnic minorities and psychiatry (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Luiggi-Hernández, J. G. (2023). Hoping as a transformational imperative in Puerto Rico: A phenomenological and grounded theory study within colonized space [Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis Global. https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/2246/
Lugones, M. (2007). Heterosexualism and the colonial/modern gender system. Hypatia, 22(1),186–209.
Lugones, M. (2009). Colonialidad y género. Tabula Rasa, 9, 73-101.
https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.340
Lugones, M. (2023). Pasos hacia un feminismo descolonial. En Espinosa-Miñoso, Y. (Ed.), Feminismo descolonial: Nuevos aportes teóricos-metodológicos a más de una década. (2da ed.). (pp. 23-36). en la frontera.
McNeish, D. & Scott, S. (2014). Women and girls at risk. Evidence across the life course. Barrow Cadbury Trust, Lankelly Chase Foundation & The Pilgrim Trust. https://lankellychase.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Women-and-Girls-at-Risk-Evidence-Review-Aug2014.pdf
Maldonado-Torres, N. (2017). Frantz Fanon and the decolonial turn in psychology: From modern/colonial methods to the decolonial attitude. South African Journal of Psychology, 47(4), 432–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246317737918
Maldonado-Torres, N. (2007). Sobre la colonialidad del ser: Aportes al desarrollo de un concepto. En Santory-Jorge, A. & Quintero-Rivera, M. (Eds.), Antología del pensamiento crítico puertorriqueño contemporáneo (pp. 565-610). CLACSO.
Martinez, A. G., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2011). The power of a label: Mental illness diagnoses, ascribed humanity and social rejection. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30, 1- 23. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2011.30.1.1
Memmi, A. (1991). The colonizer and the colonized. Beacon Press.
Metzl, J. (2010). The protest psychosis: How schizophrenia became a Black disease. Beacon Press.
Mignolo, W. (2003). Historias locales, diseños globales: Colonialidad, conocimientos subalternos y pensamiento fronterizo. Akal.
Opara, I. N., Riddle-Jones, L. & Allen, N. (2022). Modern day drapetomania: Calling out scientific racism. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 37, 225-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07163-z
Osborne, J. W. (2001). Testing stereotype threat: Does anxiety explain race and sex differences in achievement? Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26(3), 291-310. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.2000.1052
Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015). Racism as a determinant of health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PlosOne, Article e0138511. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138511
Parker, I., & Pavón-Cuéllar, D. (2021). Psychoanalysis and revolution. Verso Books.
Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of power and eurocentrism in Latin America. International Sociology, 15(2), 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580900015002005
Rivera-Pichardo, E., Jost, J. T., & Bener-Martínez, V. (2021). Internalization of inferiority and colonial system justification: The case of Puerto Rico. Journal of Social Issues, 78(1), 79-106.https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12437
Rivera Ramos, A. N. (2009). Personalidad Puertorriqueña: ¿Mito o Realidad?. Editorial Edil (Trabajo original publicado en 1998).
Rosen, C., Jones, N., Longden, E., Chase, K. A., Shattell, M., Melbourne, J. K., Keedy, S. K., & Sharma, R. P. (2017). Exploring the intersections of trauma, structural adversity, and psychosis among a primarily African-American sample: A mixed-methods analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8(57). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00057
Sandoval, C. (2000). Methodology of the oppressed. Out of Bounds.
Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115(2), 336–356. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.336
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https:///doi.org/10.1177/0959-353505057620
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Cómo citar
Identificando los efectos del racismo y el coloniaje mediante el marco de poder, amenaza y significado. (2024). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 35(2), 206-222. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3502.06
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Cómo citar
Identificando los efectos del racismo y el coloniaje mediante el marco de poder, amenaza y significado. (2024). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 35(2), 206-222. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3502.06