Identifying the effects of racism and coloniality through the power, threat, and meaning framework
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Published
2024-12-31
Fabián Feliciano Graniela
José Giovanni Luiggi-Hernández
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8800-735X
Abstract
The 2018 publication of the Power, Threat, and Meaning Framework (PTMF) by the British Psychological Society offers an alternative to diagnostic systems like the DSM and ICD, which have pathologized human suffering and contributed to the oppression of marginalized groups (e.g., Black individuals, women, transgender, non-binary, and non-heterosexual individuals). The PTMF considers human suffering as normal reactions to adverse situations. Supported by scientific evidence, it identifies patterns of emotional distress and problematic behaviors emerging in specific oppressive contexts. The framework aims to understand how individuals' interpretations of their experiences influence patterns of suffering. By recognizing the impact of power on participants' lives and how they cope with threats to their health, professionals and individuals can collaborate in case formulation and treatment planning. This article seeks to introduce the PTMF to the Puerto Rican audience; provide examples of its use in psychological assessment and treatment planning in Puerto Rico to address the effects of racism and colonialism, and propose ways to expand its usage in the region.
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Keywords
Racism, Colonialism, Coloniality, PTMF, MPAS
References
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Busch, F. N., Milrod, B. L., Singer, M. B., & Aronson, A. C. (2012). Manual of Panic Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy – eXtended Range. Routledge.
Capielo Rosario, C., Schaefer, A., Ballesteros, J., Rentería, R., & David, E. J. R. (2019). A caballo regalao no se le mira el colmillo: Colonial mentality and Puerto Rican depression. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(4), 396–408. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000347
Caraballo-Cueto, J., & Godreau, I. P. (2021). Colorism and health disparities in home countries: The case of Puerto Rico. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 23, 926-935.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-021-01222-7
Cesaire, A. (2000) Discourse on colonialism (J. Pinkham, Trans.). Monthly Review Press.
Crenshaw, K. W. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241-1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
Cromby, J., & Harper, D. (2013). Paranoia: Contested and contextualized. En S. Coles, S. Keenan & B. Diamond (Eds.), Madness contested: Power and Practice (pp. 23-41). PCCS Books.
Cuthbert, B. N. (2020). The role of RDoC in future classification of mental disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 22(1), 81–85. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/bcuthbert
Cuthbert, B. N., & Insel, T. R. (2013). Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: The seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Medicine, 11, 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-126
Dalal, F. (2002). Race, colour and the process of racialization: New perspectives from group analysis, psychoanalysis and sociology. Routledge.
David, E.J.R., & Okazaki, S. (2006). The Colonial Mentality Scale (CMS) for Filipino Americans: Scale construction and psychological implications. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(2), 241-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.2.241
Espinosa-Miñoso, Y. (2023). Feminismo descolonial: Nuevos aportes teórico-metodológicos a más de una década (2da ed.). en la frontera.
Fanon, F. (2008). Black Skin, White Masks. Grove Press. (Original work published 1952)
Feliciano-Graniela, F. E. (2023, 3-4 de noviembre). Actitud descolonial en el quehacer clínico [Conferencia libre]. Convención de la Asociación de Psicología de Puerto Rico #70 - Prevención y Psicoeducación: Acciones hacia la solidaridad y empoderamiento social, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
Fernando, S. (2010). Mental health, race and culture (3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
Gabriel, R. (2023). Epistemic cultural constraints on the uses of psychology. New Ideas in Psychology, 68, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100986
Gaztambide, D., Feliciano-Graniela, F. G., Luiggi-Hernández, J. G., & Medina Escobar, E. (2024). Decolonizing psychoanalysis: Anti-blackness, coloniality, and a new premise for psychoanalytic treatment. En L. Comas-Díaz, H. Adames & N. Chavez (Eds.), Decolonial psychology: Theory, research, training, and practice (pp.321-344). American Psychological Association.
Gaztambide, D. J. (2019). A people’s history of psychoanalysis: From Freud to liberation psychology. Lexington Books/Rowman & Littlefield.
Godreau, I. P. (2008). Slippery semantics: Race talk and everyday uses of racial terminology in Puerto Rico. Centro Journal, 20(2), 5-33.
Goldsmith, P. A. (2004). Schools’ racial mix, students’ optimism, and the Black-White and Latino-White achievement gaps. Sociology of Education, 77(2), 121-147. https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070407700202
Harper, D. J. (2011). The social context of paranoia. En M. Rapley, J. Moncrieff & J. Dillon (Eds.), De-medicalising misery: Psychiatry, psychology, and the human condition. (pp. 53-65). Palgrave McMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230342507_5
Jack, A. H., & Egan, V. (2017). Trouble at school: A systematic review to explore the association between childhood bullying and paranoid thinking. Psychosis, 9(3), 260-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2017.1340503
Johnstone, L. (2018). Psychological formulation as an alternative to psychiatric diagnosis. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 58(1), 30-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817722230
Johnstone, L., Boyle, M., Cromby, J., Dillon, J., Harper, D., Kinderman, P., Longden, E., Pilgrim, D., & Read, J. (2018). The power threat meaning framework: Towards the identification of patterns in emotional distress, unusual experiences and troubled or troubling behaviour, as an alternative to functional psychiatric diagnosis. British Psychological Society.
Jurist, E. (2018). Minding emotions: Cultivating mentalization in psychotherapy. The Guildford Press.
Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. Y. (2002). Relation between racial discrimination, social class, and health among ethnic minority groups. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 624–631. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.92.4.624
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., Brown, T. A., Carpenter, W. T., Caspi, A., Clark, L. A., Eaton, N. R., Forbes, M. K., Forbush, K. T., Goldberg, D., Hasin, D., Hyman, S. E., Ivanova, M. Y., Lynam, D. R., Markon, K… Zimmerman, M. (2017). The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(4), 454–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000258
Levin, S., & Van Laar, C. (Eds.). (2006). Stigma and group inequality: Social psychological perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Lingiardi, V., & McWilliams, N. (Eds.). (2017). Psychodynamic diagnostic manual: PDM-2 (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
Littlewood, R., & Lipsedge, M. (1997). Aliens and alienists. Ethnic minorities and psychiatry (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Luiggi-Hernández, J. G. (2023). Hoping as a transformational imperative in Puerto Rico: A phenomenological and grounded theory study within colonized space [Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis Global. https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/2246/
Lugones, M. (2007). Heterosexualism and the colonial/modern gender system. Hypatia, 22(1),186–209.
Lugones, M. (2009). Colonialidad y género. Tabula Rasa, 9, 73-101.
https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.340
Lugones, M. (2023). Pasos hacia un feminismo descolonial. En Espinosa-Miñoso, Y. (Ed.), Feminismo descolonial: Nuevos aportes teóricos-metodológicos a más de una década. (2da ed.). (pp. 23-36). en la frontera.
McNeish, D. & Scott, S. (2014). Women and girls at risk. Evidence across the life course. Barrow Cadbury Trust, Lankelly Chase Foundation & The Pilgrim Trust. https://lankellychase.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Women-and-Girls-at-Risk-Evidence-Review-Aug2014.pdf
Maldonado-Torres, N. (2017). Frantz Fanon and the decolonial turn in psychology: From modern/colonial methods to the decolonial attitude. South African Journal of Psychology, 47(4), 432–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246317737918
Maldonado-Torres, N. (2007). Sobre la colonialidad del ser: Aportes al desarrollo de un concepto. En Santory-Jorge, A. & Quintero-Rivera, M. (Eds.), Antología del pensamiento crítico puertorriqueño contemporáneo (pp. 565-610). CLACSO.
Martinez, A. G., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2011). The power of a label: Mental illness diagnoses, ascribed humanity and social rejection. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30, 1- 23. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2011.30.1.1
Memmi, A. (1991). The colonizer and the colonized. Beacon Press.
Metzl, J. (2010). The protest psychosis: How schizophrenia became a Black disease. Beacon Press.
Mignolo, W. (2003). Historias locales, diseños globales: Colonialidad, conocimientos subalternos y pensamiento fronterizo. Akal.
Opara, I. N., Riddle-Jones, L. & Allen, N. (2022). Modern day drapetomania: Calling out scientific racism. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 37, 225-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07163-z
Osborne, J. W. (2001). Testing stereotype threat: Does anxiety explain race and sex differences in achievement? Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26(3), 291-310. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.2000.1052
Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015). Racism as a determinant of health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PlosOne, Article e0138511. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138511
Parker, I., & Pavón-Cuéllar, D. (2021). Psychoanalysis and revolution. Verso Books.
Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of power and eurocentrism in Latin America. International Sociology, 15(2), 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580900015002005
Rivera-Pichardo, E., Jost, J. T., & Bener-Martínez, V. (2021). Internalization of inferiority and colonial system justification: The case of Puerto Rico. Journal of Social Issues, 78(1), 79-106.https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12437
Rivera Ramos, A. N. (2009). Personalidad Puertorriqueña: ¿Mito o Realidad?. Editorial Edil (Trabajo original publicado en 1998).
Rosen, C., Jones, N., Longden, E., Chase, K. A., Shattell, M., Melbourne, J. K., Keedy, S. K., & Sharma, R. P. (2017). Exploring the intersections of trauma, structural adversity, and psychosis among a primarily African-American sample: A mixed-methods analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8(57). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00057
Sandoval, C. (2000). Methodology of the oppressed. Out of Bounds.
Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115(2), 336–356. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.336
Shaw, C., & Proctor, G. (2005). Women at the margins: A critique of the diagnosis of personality disorder. Feminism and Psychology, 15(4), 483-490.
https:///doi.org/10.1177/0959-353505057620
Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52(6), 613–629.
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How to Cite
Identifying the effects of racism and coloniality through the power, threat, and meaning framework. (2024). Puerto Rican Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 206-222. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3502.06
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How to Cite
Identifying the effects of racism and coloniality through the power, threat, and meaning framework. (2024). Puerto Rican Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 206-222. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3502.06