Pa’ que tú lo sepas: ¿La identidad étnica afecta la mentalidad colonial y el machismo en las personas puertorriqueñas?
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Publicado
2024-12-31
Adriana Colom Cruz
Darianna Frontera-Villanueva
Nicole Mendoza-Rivera
Denise Cortés-Cortés
Darinel López-Feliciano
Laura Baéz Nieves
Anayeli Gamino
Marquis Schieber
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3888-2841
Resumen
Basándonos en investigaciones sobre poblaciones colonizadas, exploramos relaciones correlacionales entre mentalidad colonial, identidad étnica y machismo en personas puertorriqueñas. Las personas participantes (n = 69; 64.0% mujeres) fueron asignadas al azar a dos grupos: grupo de intervención (n = 39) con discusión sobre identidad étnica, y grupo de comparación (n = 30) con un juego no relacionado. La identidad étnica, mentalidad colonial y machismo fue evaluada mediante una encuesta. Se esperaba (1) que el grupo de intervención tuviera menos mentalidad colonial que la comparación, (2) una relación negativa entre mentalidad colonial e identidad étnica, y (3) una relación positiva entre machismo y mentalidad colonial. Según predicho, la mentalidad colonial e identidad étnica correlacionaron negativamente (r = -.35, p = .002). Aunque la mentalidad colonial permaneció igual entre las condiciones (p > .05), el machismo fue marginalmente más alto en el grupo control (p = .082). Incluso, la mentalidad colonial correlacionó positivamente (r = .62, p = .002) con el caballerismo, pero no con el machismo (p > .05). El estudio debe realizarse con una muestra más amplia. Futuras investigaciones podrían examinar el rol de la identidad étnica en amortiguar creencias y actitudes vinculadas a la mentalidad colonial y machismo.
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Keywords
colonialismo, identidad étnica, machismo, puertorriqueñes
References
Act to Promote the Export of Services, PR. Code Ann. § 13-10831 (2012).
Act to Promote the Relocation of Individual Investors to Puerto Rico, PR. Code Ann § 13-10851 (2012).
Alaejos, E. (2023). La gentrificación avanza a toda velocidad en Puerto Rico golpeando a la población [Gentrification advances at full speed in Puerto Rico hitting the population]. Agencia EFE. https://efe.com/mundo/2023-08-25/la-gentrificacion-avanza-a-toda-velocidad-en-puerto-rico-golpeando-a-la-poblacion/
Alfaro, L. D. (2022). Residentes en Rincón y Cabo Rojo han sido desplazados de sus comunidades [Residents in Rincón and Cabo Rojo have been displaced from their communities]. La Isla Oeste. https://laislaoeste.com/la-gentrificacion-arropa-el-oeste-de-puerto-rico/
Arciniega, G. M., Anderson, T. C., Tovar-Blank, Z. G., & Tracey, T. J. (2008). Toward a fuller conception of Machismo: Development of a traditional Machismo and Caballerismo Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.19
Atiles, J. (2022). Punitive governance and the criminalization of socioenvironmental, anti-austerity, and anticorruption mobilizations in Puerto Rico. Critical Criminology, 30(4), 961–981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-022-09660-x
Baruffi, R. (2002). Environmental conflict and cultural solidarity: The case of Vieques [Paper presentation]. Seminar on Environmental Conflict Resolution, 2002, Brown University, Rhode Island, United States.
Beauchamp, J. J., Morales Cardona, T., Santiago Meléndez, R., Méndez, J. L., & Pantojas García, E. (Eds.). (1980). La agresión cultural norteamericana en Puerto Rico (1ra ed.). Editorial Grijalbo.
Byrow, Y., Pajak, R., Specker, P., & Nickerson, A. (2020). Perceptions of mental health and perceived barriers to mental health help-seeking amongst refugees: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 75, 101812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101812
Cabán, P. (2020). Puerto Rico’s summer 2019 uprising and the crisis of colonialism. Latin American Perspectives, 47(3), 103-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X20906509
Capielo Rosario, C., Schaefer, A., Ballesteros, J., Rentería, R., & David, E. J. R. (2019). A caballo regalao’ no se le mira el colmillo: Colonial mentality and Puerto Rican depression. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(4), 396. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000347
Chavez-Dueñas, N. Y., Adames, H. Y., & Organista, K. C. (2014). Skin-Color prejudice and within-group racial discrimination: Historical and current impact on Latino/a populations. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 36(1), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986313511306
David, E. J. R. (2008). A colonial mentality model of depression for Filipino Americans. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.14.2.118
David, E. J. R., & Okazaki, S. (2006). Colonial mentality: A review and recommendation for Filipino American psychology. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.12.1.1
Dietz, J. L. (1986). Economic history of Puerto Rico: Institutional change and capitalist development. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv346s31
Espada, M. (2021, April 19). How Puerto Ricans are fighting back against using the island as a tax haven. Time. https://time.com/5955629/puerto-rico-tax-haven-opposition/
Fals Borda, O. (1971). La educación en el proceso revolucionario. In Bonilla, V., Duplat, C., Castillo, G., Fals Borda, O., & Libreros, A. (Eds.), Por ahí es la cosa: ensayos de sociología e historia colombianas (pp. 17-34). Rosca.
Fanon, F. (1963) The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press.
Felipe, L. C. S. (2016). The relationship of colonial mentality with Filipina American experiences with racism and sexism. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 7(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000033
Franqui-Rivera, H. (2013). National mythologies: US citizenship for the people of Puerto Rico and military service. Memorias: revista digital de historia y arqueología desde el Caribe, (21), 5-21.
Gamino, A., Schieber, M., & Colom Cruz, A. (2021). Exploring colonial mentality, ethnic identity, and mental health in mainland and island Puerto Ricans. Sewanee Journal of Science, 5(2), 17–23.
Glass, J., & Owen, J. (2010). Latino fathers: The relationship among machismo, acculturation, ethnic identity, and paternal involvement. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 11(4), 251–261. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021477
Glick, P., Lameiras, M., Fiske, S. T., Eckes, T., Masser, B., Volpato, C., Manganelli, A. M., Pek, J. C. X., Huang, L.-l., Sakalli-Uğurlu, N., Castro, Y. R., D'Avila Pereira, M. L., Willemsen, T. M., Brunner, A., Six-Materna, I., & Wells, R. (2004). Bad but bold: Ambivalent attitudes toward men predict gender inequality in 16 nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(5), 713–728. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.713
Godreau, I. & Bonilla, Y. (2021). Nonsovereign racecraft: How colonialism, debt, and disaster are transforming Puerto Rican racial subjectivities. American Anthropologist, 123(3), 509-525. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.13601
Green, E. G., Sarrasin, O., & Fasel, N. (2015). Immigration, social psychological aspects. The international encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24065-8
Hardin, M. (2002). Altering masculinities: The Spanish conquest and the evolution of the Latin American machismo. International Journal of Sexuality & Gender Studies, 7(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013050829597
Madubata, I. J., Cheref, S., Eades, N. D., Brooks, J. R., Talavera, D. C., & Walker, R. L. (2020). Non-suicidal self-injury, neuroticism, and ethnic identity in young Latina adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 42(4), 528-546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986320950914
Maldonado-Torres, N. (2007). On the coloniality of being: Contributions to the development of a concept. Cultural studies, 21(2-3), 240-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601162548
Martínez Avilés, M. D. L. (2012). The individual and collective effect of US colonialism in Puerto Rico: a scale construction and validation, with implications for social work education and practice. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington and Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León]. Social Work.
Martinez, M. (2019). Toxic masculinity: An outcome of colonialism and its effects on the Latinx/Chicanx LGBTQ+ community. McNair Research Journal SJSU, 17(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2021.1711
Memmi, A. (1965) The colonizer and the colonized. Beacon Press.
Mignolo, W. (2001). Coloniality of Power and Subalternity. In I. Rodriguez, M. López, M. López & S. Saldívar-Hull (Eds.), The Latin American subaltern studies reader (pp. 424-444). Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822380771-023
Monge, J. T. (1999). Puerto Rico and the United Nations from 1960 to the Present. In Puerto Rico: The trials of the oldest colony in the world. (pp. 136-140). Yale University Press.
Moore, K. L., Camacho, D., & Munson, M. R. (2020). Identity negotiation processes among Black and Latinx sexual minority young adult mental health service users. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 32(1), 21-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2019.1677542
Nuñez, A., González, P., Talavera, G. A., Sanchez-Johnsen, L., Roesch, S. C., Davis, S. M., Arguelles, W., Womack, V. Y., Ostrovsky, N. W., Ojeda, L., Penedo, F. J., & Gallo, L. C. (2016). Machismo, marianismo, and negative cognitive-emotional factors: Findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 4(4), 202-217. https://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000050
Pew Research Center. (2023, August 16). Facts on Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin in the United States. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/fact-sheet/us-hispanics-facts-on-puerto-rican-origin-latinos/.
Picó, F. (1987). 1898: La guerra después de la guerra. Ediciones Huracán.
Quijano, A. (2000) Coloniality of power and eurocentrism in Latin America. International Sociology, 15(2), 215– 232.https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580900015002005
Rivera-Pichardo, E. J., Jost, J. T., & Benet‐Martínez, V. (2021). Internalization of inferiority and colonial system justification: The case of Puerto Rico. Journal of Social Issues, 78(1), 79-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12437
Sánchez Mimbela, V. (2017). El duelo migratorio en estudiantes de primaria y su aculturación. In R. I. Roa Rivera, E. I. Santillán Anguiano, D. Islas Cervantes, Y. Amparo López López (Eds.), Migración, Educación y Sociedad: Visiones y experiencias desde la frontera (1st ed., pp. 129–140). Red Iberoamericana de Pedagogía.
Segato, R. L. (2014). La perspectiva de la colonialidad del poder y el giro descolonial. In Coraggio, J. L., Laville, J. L. (Eds.). Reinventar la izquierda en el siglo XXI: hacia un diálogo norte-sur. Biblioteca Clacso.
Segato, R. L. (2015). Género y colonialidad: Del patriarcado comunitario de baja intensidad al patriarcado colonial moderno de alta intensidad. In M. Magni (Ed.), La crítica de la colonialidad en ocho ensayos: Y una antropología por demanda (1st ed., pp. 69–96). Prometeo Libros.
Scarano, F. A. (1993). Puerto Rico: Cinco siglos de historia. McGraw-Hill.
Tuazon, V. E., Gonzalez, E., Gutierrez, D., & Nelson, L. (2019). Colonial mentality and mental health help‐seeking of Filipino Americans. Journal of Counseling & Development, 97(4), 352-363. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12284
Umaña-Taylor, A. (2003, March 12-13). An Exploration of the Ethnic Identity Scale among High School and University Students [Conference presentation]. Indicators of Positive Development Conference, Washington, DC, United States.
Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Yazedjian, A., & Bámaca-Gómez, M. (2004). Developing the ethnic identity scale using Eriksonian and social identity perspectives. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 4(1), 9-38. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532706XID0401_2
United Nations (2017) Special committee on decolonization approves text calling upon US government to expedite self-determination process for Puerto Rico. United Nations Meetings Press Releases. www.un.org/press/en/2017/gacol3312.doc.htm
United Nations (2019). Speakers voice concern about environmental, fiscal challenges of Puerto Rico as special decolonization committee approves annual self-determination text. United Nations Meetings Press Releases. https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/gacol3337.doc.htm
Utsey, S. O., Abrams, J. A., Opare-Henaku, A., Bolden, M. A., & Williams III, O. (2015). Assessing the psychological consequences of internalized colonialism on the psychological well-being of young adults in Ghana. Journal of Black Psychology, 41(3), 195-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798414537935
U.S. Census Bureau. (2019, July 1). Quick facts: Puerto Rico. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Varas-Díaz, N., & Serrano-García, I. (2003). The challenge of a positive self-image in a colonial context: A psychology of liberation for the Puerto Rican experience. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31(1-2), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023078721414
Villanueva, J. (2019). Corruption narratives and colonial technologies in Puerto Rico. NACLA Report on the Americas, 51(2), 188–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2019.1617489
Yoo, H. C., & Lee, R. M. (2008). Does ethnic identity buffer or exacerbate the effects of frequent racial discrimination on situational well-being of Asian Americans?. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.63
Act to Promote the Relocation of Individual Investors to Puerto Rico, PR. Code Ann § 13-10851 (2012).
Alaejos, E. (2023). La gentrificación avanza a toda velocidad en Puerto Rico golpeando a la población [Gentrification advances at full speed in Puerto Rico hitting the population]. Agencia EFE. https://efe.com/mundo/2023-08-25/la-gentrificacion-avanza-a-toda-velocidad-en-puerto-rico-golpeando-a-la-poblacion/
Alfaro, L. D. (2022). Residentes en Rincón y Cabo Rojo han sido desplazados de sus comunidades [Residents in Rincón and Cabo Rojo have been displaced from their communities]. La Isla Oeste. https://laislaoeste.com/la-gentrificacion-arropa-el-oeste-de-puerto-rico/
Arciniega, G. M., Anderson, T. C., Tovar-Blank, Z. G., & Tracey, T. J. (2008). Toward a fuller conception of Machismo: Development of a traditional Machismo and Caballerismo Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.19
Atiles, J. (2022). Punitive governance and the criminalization of socioenvironmental, anti-austerity, and anticorruption mobilizations in Puerto Rico. Critical Criminology, 30(4), 961–981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-022-09660-x
Baruffi, R. (2002). Environmental conflict and cultural solidarity: The case of Vieques [Paper presentation]. Seminar on Environmental Conflict Resolution, 2002, Brown University, Rhode Island, United States.
Beauchamp, J. J., Morales Cardona, T., Santiago Meléndez, R., Méndez, J. L., & Pantojas García, E. (Eds.). (1980). La agresión cultural norteamericana en Puerto Rico (1ra ed.). Editorial Grijalbo.
Byrow, Y., Pajak, R., Specker, P., & Nickerson, A. (2020). Perceptions of mental health and perceived barriers to mental health help-seeking amongst refugees: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 75, 101812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101812
Cabán, P. (2020). Puerto Rico’s summer 2019 uprising and the crisis of colonialism. Latin American Perspectives, 47(3), 103-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X20906509
Capielo Rosario, C., Schaefer, A., Ballesteros, J., Rentería, R., & David, E. J. R. (2019). A caballo regalao’ no se le mira el colmillo: Colonial mentality and Puerto Rican depression. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(4), 396. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000347
Chavez-Dueñas, N. Y., Adames, H. Y., & Organista, K. C. (2014). Skin-Color prejudice and within-group racial discrimination: Historical and current impact on Latino/a populations. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 36(1), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986313511306
David, E. J. R. (2008). A colonial mentality model of depression for Filipino Americans. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.14.2.118
David, E. J. R., & Okazaki, S. (2006). Colonial mentality: A review and recommendation for Filipino American psychology. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.12.1.1
Dietz, J. L. (1986). Economic history of Puerto Rico: Institutional change and capitalist development. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv346s31
Espada, M. (2021, April 19). How Puerto Ricans are fighting back against using the island as a tax haven. Time. https://time.com/5955629/puerto-rico-tax-haven-opposition/
Fals Borda, O. (1971). La educación en el proceso revolucionario. In Bonilla, V., Duplat, C., Castillo, G., Fals Borda, O., & Libreros, A. (Eds.), Por ahí es la cosa: ensayos de sociología e historia colombianas (pp. 17-34). Rosca.
Fanon, F. (1963) The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press.
Felipe, L. C. S. (2016). The relationship of colonial mentality with Filipina American experiences with racism and sexism. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 7(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000033
Franqui-Rivera, H. (2013). National mythologies: US citizenship for the people of Puerto Rico and military service. Memorias: revista digital de historia y arqueología desde el Caribe, (21), 5-21.
Gamino, A., Schieber, M., & Colom Cruz, A. (2021). Exploring colonial mentality, ethnic identity, and mental health in mainland and island Puerto Ricans. Sewanee Journal of Science, 5(2), 17–23.
Glass, J., & Owen, J. (2010). Latino fathers: The relationship among machismo, acculturation, ethnic identity, and paternal involvement. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 11(4), 251–261. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021477
Glick, P., Lameiras, M., Fiske, S. T., Eckes, T., Masser, B., Volpato, C., Manganelli, A. M., Pek, J. C. X., Huang, L.-l., Sakalli-Uğurlu, N., Castro, Y. R., D'Avila Pereira, M. L., Willemsen, T. M., Brunner, A., Six-Materna, I., & Wells, R. (2004). Bad but bold: Ambivalent attitudes toward men predict gender inequality in 16 nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(5), 713–728. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.713
Godreau, I. & Bonilla, Y. (2021). Nonsovereign racecraft: How colonialism, debt, and disaster are transforming Puerto Rican racial subjectivities. American Anthropologist, 123(3), 509-525. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.13601
Green, E. G., Sarrasin, O., & Fasel, N. (2015). Immigration, social psychological aspects. The international encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24065-8
Hardin, M. (2002). Altering masculinities: The Spanish conquest and the evolution of the Latin American machismo. International Journal of Sexuality & Gender Studies, 7(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013050829597
Madubata, I. J., Cheref, S., Eades, N. D., Brooks, J. R., Talavera, D. C., & Walker, R. L. (2020). Non-suicidal self-injury, neuroticism, and ethnic identity in young Latina adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 42(4), 528-546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986320950914
Maldonado-Torres, N. (2007). On the coloniality of being: Contributions to the development of a concept. Cultural studies, 21(2-3), 240-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601162548
Martínez Avilés, M. D. L. (2012). The individual and collective effect of US colonialism in Puerto Rico: a scale construction and validation, with implications for social work education and practice. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington and Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León]. Social Work.
Martinez, M. (2019). Toxic masculinity: An outcome of colonialism and its effects on the Latinx/Chicanx LGBTQ+ community. McNair Research Journal SJSU, 17(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2021.1711
Memmi, A. (1965) The colonizer and the colonized. Beacon Press.
Mignolo, W. (2001). Coloniality of Power and Subalternity. In I. Rodriguez, M. López, M. López & S. Saldívar-Hull (Eds.), The Latin American subaltern studies reader (pp. 424-444). Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822380771-023
Monge, J. T. (1999). Puerto Rico and the United Nations from 1960 to the Present. In Puerto Rico: The trials of the oldest colony in the world. (pp. 136-140). Yale University Press.
Moore, K. L., Camacho, D., & Munson, M. R. (2020). Identity negotiation processes among Black and Latinx sexual minority young adult mental health service users. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 32(1), 21-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2019.1677542
Nuñez, A., González, P., Talavera, G. A., Sanchez-Johnsen, L., Roesch, S. C., Davis, S. M., Arguelles, W., Womack, V. Y., Ostrovsky, N. W., Ojeda, L., Penedo, F. J., & Gallo, L. C. (2016). Machismo, marianismo, and negative cognitive-emotional factors: Findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 4(4), 202-217. https://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000050
Pew Research Center. (2023, August 16). Facts on Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin in the United States. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/fact-sheet/us-hispanics-facts-on-puerto-rican-origin-latinos/.
Picó, F. (1987). 1898: La guerra después de la guerra. Ediciones Huracán.
Quijano, A. (2000) Coloniality of power and eurocentrism in Latin America. International Sociology, 15(2), 215– 232.https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580900015002005
Rivera-Pichardo, E. J., Jost, J. T., & Benet‐Martínez, V. (2021). Internalization of inferiority and colonial system justification: The case of Puerto Rico. Journal of Social Issues, 78(1), 79-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12437
Sánchez Mimbela, V. (2017). El duelo migratorio en estudiantes de primaria y su aculturación. In R. I. Roa Rivera, E. I. Santillán Anguiano, D. Islas Cervantes, Y. Amparo López López (Eds.), Migración, Educación y Sociedad: Visiones y experiencias desde la frontera (1st ed., pp. 129–140). Red Iberoamericana de Pedagogía.
Segato, R. L. (2014). La perspectiva de la colonialidad del poder y el giro descolonial. In Coraggio, J. L., Laville, J. L. (Eds.). Reinventar la izquierda en el siglo XXI: hacia un diálogo norte-sur. Biblioteca Clacso.
Segato, R. L. (2015). Género y colonialidad: Del patriarcado comunitario de baja intensidad al patriarcado colonial moderno de alta intensidad. In M. Magni (Ed.), La crítica de la colonialidad en ocho ensayos: Y una antropología por demanda (1st ed., pp. 69–96). Prometeo Libros.
Scarano, F. A. (1993). Puerto Rico: Cinco siglos de historia. McGraw-Hill.
Tuazon, V. E., Gonzalez, E., Gutierrez, D., & Nelson, L. (2019). Colonial mentality and mental health help‐seeking of Filipino Americans. Journal of Counseling & Development, 97(4), 352-363. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12284
Umaña-Taylor, A. (2003, March 12-13). An Exploration of the Ethnic Identity Scale among High School and University Students [Conference presentation]. Indicators of Positive Development Conference, Washington, DC, United States.
Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Yazedjian, A., & Bámaca-Gómez, M. (2004). Developing the ethnic identity scale using Eriksonian and social identity perspectives. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 4(1), 9-38. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532706XID0401_2
United Nations (2017) Special committee on decolonization approves text calling upon US government to expedite self-determination process for Puerto Rico. United Nations Meetings Press Releases. www.un.org/press/en/2017/gacol3312.doc.htm
United Nations (2019). Speakers voice concern about environmental, fiscal challenges of Puerto Rico as special decolonization committee approves annual self-determination text. United Nations Meetings Press Releases. https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/gacol3337.doc.htm
Utsey, S. O., Abrams, J. A., Opare-Henaku, A., Bolden, M. A., & Williams III, O. (2015). Assessing the psychological consequences of internalized colonialism on the psychological well-being of young adults in Ghana. Journal of Black Psychology, 41(3), 195-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798414537935
U.S. Census Bureau. (2019, July 1). Quick facts: Puerto Rico. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Varas-Díaz, N., & Serrano-García, I. (2003). The challenge of a positive self-image in a colonial context: A psychology of liberation for the Puerto Rican experience. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31(1-2), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023078721414
Villanueva, J. (2019). Corruption narratives and colonial technologies in Puerto Rico. NACLA Report on the Americas, 51(2), 188–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2019.1617489
Yoo, H. C., & Lee, R. M. (2008). Does ethnic identity buffer or exacerbate the effects of frequent racial discrimination on situational well-being of Asian Americans?. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.63
Cómo citar
Pa’ que tú lo sepas: ¿La identidad étnica afecta la mentalidad colonial y el machismo en las personas puertorriqueñas?. (2024). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 35(2), 254-267. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3502.09
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Sección
Artículo de investigación
Si se acepta un trabajo para su publicación, los derechos de impresión y de reproducción por cualquier forma y medio son de la Asociación de Psicología de Puerto Rico (APPR), que no rechazará cualquier petición razonable por parte de los autores para obtener el permiso de reproducción de sus contribuciones. Debe adjuntarse una carta tipo de cesión de derechos. Se entiende que las opiniones expresadas en los artículos son de responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores y no comprometen la opinión y política científica de la Revista ni de la APPR. Igualmente, las actividades descritas en los trabajos publicados estarán de acuerdo con los criterios de ética, tanto por lo que se refiere a los trabajos con humanos como a la experimentación animal, así como en todo lo relativo a la ética profesional.
Cómo citar
Pa’ que tú lo sepas: ¿La identidad étnica afecta la mentalidad colonial y el machismo en las personas puertorriqueñas?. (2024). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 35(2), 254-267. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3502.09